An Ottoman machinegun troop at the eastern front during the Battle of Sarikamish.
Image in public domain.
- The Battle of Sarikamish ends in the Caucasian mountains with Ottoman forces suffering a disastrous defeat. According to some estimates some 90,000 Ottoman soldiers died, 53,000 of whom froze to death. Thousands more succumbed to disease. Numbers of Russian dead vary between 16,000 and 30,000.
